Problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Issue question - Essay Example The paper begins by characterizing criminal law just as clarifying the elements that comprise a wrongdoing of such greatness. The body of the paper will create through recognizable proof of explicit violations comparable to the given situation including Ahmed and Blanche in an offer to set up if there is any criminal obligation. As indicated by the online HG.org overall indexes (http://www.hg.org/crime.html), â€Å"criminal law which is regularly called correctional law, includes indictment by the legislature of an individual for a demonstration that has been delegated a crime.† On the other hand, a wrongdoing is additionally characterized as, â€Å"any act or (commission of a demonstration) infringing upon an open law disallowing it.† Thus, criminal law shapes some portion of open law. Each resident of a state has certain obligations towards the state and in light of a legitimate concern for the general public all in all, the state endorses certain standards of lead th at quandary all individuals from the state whereupon it has a purview to rebuff an individual who violates against these (Kleyn and Viljoen 2002). In this way, the people who perpetrate wrongdoing can be indicted in a criminal court and rebuffed whenever saw as blameworthy. The discipline will be controlled by the degree of wrongdoing against the blamed once sentenced for a wrongdoing. It must be demonstrated past any sensible uncertainty that someone has perpetrated a wrongdoing and a few realities have been perceived as violations for a long time and these for the most part radiated from precedent-based law and they incorporate yet are not constrained to the accompanying: murder, burglary, shoplifting, assault, attack, fire related crime just as pay off among others (Anderson, Dodd and Roos 2003). Where there has been a commission of violations of such size, it is the state versus the charged whereby the state will start the indictment whereby discipline will be affected once an i ndividual has been sentenced for a wrongdoing. 1 The point is to forestall further event of comparative wrongdoings, rebuff the guilty party, restore and change the wrongdoer just as to secure the interests of the general public. Criminal law is regularly considered as the best procedure that can be utilized to battle certain unfair demonstrations of direct as indicated by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. It is in this way observed as a powerful method of managing certain behaviors which are considered unfair and disregard the recommended standards in the public eye. In the given case including Ahmed, the realities are: Ahmed, a diabetic, has left his significant other, Blanche, and his child, Calum, for Diva who has brought forth his girl, Elaine however for a long time Blanche who has endured at Ahmed’s embarrassing and rough treatment. It is after Blanche sets land the level where Diva and Elaine are slaughtered and Ahmed is suffering from extreme melancholy, negle cts to take his insulin and, before the police capture Blanche, takes his weapon and comes back to the previous wedding home. For sure, when Blanche opens the entryway, Ahmed fires at her however misses and slaughters Calum. In such manner, it tends to be noticed that particular violations are culpable on the grounds that they undermine the interests of the people and society overall. It is the obligation of the state to guarantee that these interests are secured. There are explicitly four unique gatherings of wrongdoing that can be recognized as criminal and these incorporate violations against: someone else, against network mores, against the enthusiasm of the state and against another person’s property. (Kleyn and Viljoen 2002). The most genuine wrongdoing against another’

Supply chain management of Coco-Mat case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gracefully chain the board of Coco-Mat case - Essay Example The Coco-Mat organization has a few procedures and partners related with the organization and add to the achievement or disappointment of the business (Nagopoulos, Rontos and Pantazidou, 2013). The organization depends on type and nature of crude materials got from different little and medium global providers which influence the maintainability of items and assembling. These providers need information on keeping and support of provisions and about feasible agribusiness. This may prompt unsatisfactory crude materials and thus make deficiency of the necessary number of materials to continue fabricating. The organization contains franchisors that run its retail locations. The franchisors have direct contact with the customers and are committed to tune in and react to customers’ criticism and requests. In the event that the franchisor can't manage the clients well it might result to the organization losing demographic which is against their target of consumer loyalty. As the organization loses the client at that point, it implies that the organization is losing deals; consequently, the business may need enough cash to be put resources into workers to inspire them. The or ganization additionally has coordinations accomplices who add to blunder and postponements of its items. This outcome to low execution of TQM actualized (Nagopoulos, Rontos and Pantazidou, 2013). At present, the organization if confronting difficulties in convincing gracefully affix accomplices to take an interest in TQM usage. Mr. Chatzimichalis pictures an increasingly dependable flexibly chain that will utilize present day data and correspondence advancements. The C.E.O is looking for advancements that will empower Coco-Mat coordinate showcasing, coordinations and creation that will improve the company’s viability and proficiency. Mr. Chatzimichalis additionally would like to improve the job of customers in flexibly chain tasks through innovation application (Nagopoulos, Rontos and Pantazidou, 2013). 2. Discussion the contentions of Mr. Chatzimichalis to make a more

Confabulation Definition, Examples, and Treatments

Confabulation Definition, Examples, and Treatments Theories Cognitive Psychology Print What Is Confabulation? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 26, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 16, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes Signs and Symptoms Types Treatments View All Back To Top Confabulation is a type of memory error in which gaps in memory are unconsciously filled with fabricated, misinterpreted, or distorted information. In these instances, the individual may confuse imaginings with real memories. While there is no conscious or intentional attempt to deceive, the person is quite confident of the truth of these memories, even when confronted with contradictory evidence. Causes Confabulation is often the result of brain disease or damage. Some of the conditions that are linked to confabulation include memory disorders, brain injuries, and certain psychiatric conditions. There are several associated psychological and neurological conditions: Wernicke-Korsakoffs syndrome is a neurological disorder often caused by chronic alcoholism that results in severe thiamine deficiency.Alzheimers disease  is a form of dementia that is associated with memory loss, loss of cognitive abilities, language problems, and other issues.Traumatic brain injury  is damage to certain regions of the brain and has been linked to the emergence of confabulated memories. Some studies have shown that people with damage to the inferior medial frontal lobe are more likely to confabulate than people with either no injury or injury to other areas of the brain.Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is marked by difficulty with understanding reality and abnormal behavior. Confabulation is sometimes seen in individuals with schizophrenia, often in patients who are experiencing delusions. Explanations What explains confabulation? There are a number of different theories, but some research suggests that two factors play an important role in certain instances of this memory disruption. Overlearning may result in some types of information being at the forefront of a persons mind. Since this information tends to loom large in a persons memory, it also tends to crowd out other details. When gaps in memory take place, the overlearned information may dominate and force out more specific facts and memories. This can lead to memory distortions and other inaccuracies.Poor encoding may result in information not being fully stored in long-term memory in the first place. For example, a person might become distracted during an event and not really be paying attention to the details. Since the information is not fully encoded into memory, the person is more susceptible to forgetting and other memory problems. Signs and Symptoms There are several common characteristics of confabulation. There is a lack of awareness that a memory is false or distorted. When errors are pointed out, the patient is unconcerned about the apparent unreality of his or her account.There is no attempt to deceive or lie. There is no hidden motivation for the patient to misremember the information.The story is usually drawn from the patients memory. The basis for the misremembered information usually is founded in past or current experiences and thoughts of the patient.The story can be either very probable or very improbable. The story might be completely coherent and plausible, whereas other stories may be highly incoherent and unrealistic. Types Confabulations are categorized into two different types: provoked and spontaneous. Provoked confabulations occur when a patient creates an untrue story in response to a specific question. This type of confabulation is the most common and often occurs in patients with dementia or amnesia.Spontaneous confabulations occur when a patient tells a fabricated story without any obvious motivation or provocation. This type of confabulation tends to be less common. Examples It is important to note that confabulation is not the same as lying. Lying involves presenting information with the intent to fool or manipulate others; those who confabulate are not doing so with the purpose of deceiving. While confabulation involves presenting false information, the people who are doing so believe that what they are remembering is true. For example, a person experiencing symptoms of dementia may be able to clearly describe the last time she met with her doctor, even if the scenarios she depicts never actually happened.  A person with memory problems might not be able to remember exactly how she met a person. When asked, however, she might confabulate a story to explain the occasion on which she first met the individual. Another example of confabulation can occur when a person who has gaps in his memory is asked to remember and describe details of a past event. Instead of simply replying that he does not know, his mind will fill in the missing details with confabulated memories of the event. Confabulated memories can sometimes be quite elaborate and detailed. Schizophrenic patients who are experiencing delusions, for example, may confabulate memories that become increasingly fantastical and intricate the more they are questioned about them. In other cases, such memories can be very small and mundane. For example, a patient may not be able to remember exactly how he got a small bruise on his arm but may fabricate or misremember a story to explain how the injury occurred. Treatments Research suggests that confabulation may be difficult to treat. The recommended approach to treatment may depend upon the underlying cause associated with the problem if it is possible to identify the source. In patients with dementia, for example, arguing with the patient over the validity of their memories would serve little purpose. Rather than try to refute these memories, it is often simply better to offer acceptance and support. In other instances, confabulation can be addressed with psychotherapeutic and cognitive-behavioral treatments. These approaches usually focus on helping patients become more aware of their memory inaccuracies. Cognitive approaches that encourage patients to question what they do and do not remember can sometimes be helpful. Patients are encouraged to simply respond that they do not know something or that they are not sure rather than confabulating a response. One study found support for a neuropsychological treatment for confabulations. The treatment involved engaging participants in a memory task and then showing them their incorrect responses. When showing participants their errors, they were also given specific instructions to pay closer attention to the material and to think about their answers before responding. The results indicated that this approach was effective at reducing confabulations and that the effects generalized to other areas post-treatment. A Word From Verywell Family members and friends of people who are prone to confabulation may become frustrated or distressed because at times it may seem like their loved one is lying. Understanding that confabulation is not an attempt to deceive can sometimes make it easier to cope. While confabulation can be confusing or frustrating, it may also help people with memory disruptions cope with their current reality. Gaps in memory can be difficult and even frightening for people who experience them, so confabulated memories are one way that the mind might try to make sense of the world. If you are concerned that a loved one may be showing signs of confabulation, consider talking to a mental health professional to learn more about how you can deal with this situation. Its Not Always Alzheimers: What Causes Memory Loss

History of the Michelson-Morley Experiment

The Michelson-Morley experiment was an attempt to measure the motion of the Earth through the luminous ether. Though often called the Michelson-Morley experiment, the phrase actually refers to a series of experiments carried out by Albert Michelson in 1881 and then again (with better equipment) at Case Western University in 1887 along with chemist Edward Morley. Though the ultimate result was negative, the experiment key in that it opened the door for an alternative explanation for the strange wave-like behavior of light. How It Was Supposed to Work By the end of the 1800s, the dominant theory of how light worked was that it was a wave of electromagnetic energy, because of experiments such as Youngs double slit experiment. The problem is that a wave had to move through some sort of medium. Something has to be there to do the waving. Light was known to travel through outer space (which scientists believed was a vacuum) and you could even create a vacuum chamber and shine a light through it, so all of the evidence made it clear that light could move through a region without any air or other matter. To get around this problem, physicists hypothesized that there was a substance which filled the entire universe. They called this substance the luminous ether (or sometimes luminiferous aether, though it seems like this is just kind of throwing in pretentious-sounding syllables and vowels). Michelson and Morley (probably mostly Michelson) came up with the idea that you should be able to measure the motion of the Earth through the ether. The ether was typically believed to be unmoving and static (except, of course, for the vibration), but the Earth was moving quickly. Think about when you hang your hand out of the car window on a drive. Even if its not windy, your own motion makes it seem windy. The same should be true for the ether. Even if it stood still, since the Earth moves, then light that goes in one direction should be moving faster along with the ether than light that goes in the opposite direction. Either way, so long as there was some sort of motion between the ether and the Earth, it should have created an effective ether wind that would have either pushed or hindered the motion of the light wave, similar to how a swimmer moves faster or slower depending on whether he is moving along with or against the current. To test this hypothesis, Michelson and Morley (again, mostly Michelson) designed a device that split a beam of light and bounced it off mirrors so that it moved in different directions and finally hit the same target. The principle at work was that if two beams traveled the same distance along different paths through the ether, they should move at different speeds and therefore when they hit the final target screen those light beams would be slightly out of phase with each other, which would create a recognizable interference pattern. This device, therefore, came to be known as the Michelson interferometer (shown in the graphic at the top of this page). The Results The result was disappointing because they found absolutely no evidence of the relative motion bias they were looking for. No matter which path the beam took, light seemed to be moving at precisely the same speed. These results were published in 1887. One other way to interpret the results at the time was to assume that the ether was somehow connected to the motion of the Earth, but no one really could come up with a model that allowed this that made sense. In fact, in 1900 the British physicist Lord Kelvin famously indicated that this result was one of the two clouds that marred an otherwise complete understanding of the universe, with a general expectation that it would be resolved in relatively short order. It would take nearly 20 years (and the work of Albert Einstein) to really get over the conceptual hurdles needed to abandon the ether model entirely and adopt the current model, in which light exhibits wave-particle duality. Source Find the full text of their paper published in the 1887 edition of the American Journal of Science, archived online at the AIP website.

Biography of Charles Dickens, English Novelist

Charles Dickens (February 7, 1812–June 9, 1870) was a popular English novelist of the Victorian era, and to this day he remains a giant in British literature. Dickens wrote numerous books that are now considered classics, including David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and Great Expectations. Much of his work was inspired by the difficulties he faced in childhood as well as social and economic problems in Victorian Britain. Fast Facts: Charles Dickens Known For: Dickens was the popular author of Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, and other classics.Born: February 7, 1812 in Portsea, EnglandParents: Elizabeth and John DickensDied: June 9, 1870 in Higham, EnglandPublished Works: Oliver Twist (1839), A Christmas Carol (1843), David Copperfield (1850), Hard Times (1854), Great Expectations (1861)Spouse: Catherine Hogarth (m. 1836–1870)Children: 10 Early Life Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsea, England. His father had a job working as a pay clerk for the British Navy, and the Dickens family, by the standards of the day, should have enjoyed a comfortable life. But his fathers spending habits got them into constant financial difficulties. When Charles was 12, his father was sent to debtors prison, and Charles was forced to take a job in a factory that made shoe polish known as blacking. Life in the blacking factory for the bright 12-year-old was an ordeal. He felt humiliated and ashamed, and the year or so he spent sticking labels on jars would be a profound influence on his life. When his father managed to get out of debtors prison, Charles was able to resume his sporadic schooling. However, he was forced to take a job as an office boy at the age of 15. By his late teens, he had learned stenography and landed a job as a reporter in the London courts. By the early 1830s, he was reporting for two London newspapers. Early Career Dickens aspired to break away from newspapers and become an independent writer, and he began writing sketches of life in London. In 1833 he began submitting them to a magazine, The Monthly. He would later recall how he submitted his first manuscript, which he said was dropped stealthily one evening at twilight, with fear and trembling, into a dark letter box, in a dark office, up a dark court in Fleet Street. When the sketch hed written, titled A Dinner at Poplar Walk, appeared in print, Dickens was overjoyed. The sketch appeared with no byline, but soon he began publishing items under the pen name Boz. The witty and insightful articles Dickens wrote became popular, and he was eventually given the chance to collect them in a book. Sketches by Boz first appeared in early 1836, when Dickens had just turned 24. Buoyed by the success of his first book, he married Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of a newspaper editor. He settled into a new life as a family man and an author. Rise to Fame Sketches by Boz was so popular that the publisher commissioned a sequel, which appeared in 1837. Dickens was also approached to write the text to accompany a set of illustrations, and that project turned into his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, which was published in installments from 1836 to 1837. This book was followed by Oliver Twist, which appeared in 1839. Dickens became amazingly productive. Nicholas Nickleby was written in 1839, and The Old Curiosity Shop in 1841. In addition to these novels, Dickens was turning out a steady stream of articles for magazines. His work was incredibly popular. Dickens was able to create remarkable characters, and his writing often combined comic touches with tragic elements. His empathy for working people and for those caught in unfortunate circumstances made readers feel a bond with him. As his novels appeared in serial form, the reading public was often gripped with anticipation. The popularity of Dickens spread to America, and there were stories told about how Americans would greet British ships at the docks in New York to find out what had happened next in Dickens latest novel. Visit to America Capitalizing on his international fame, Dickens visited the United States in 1842 when he was 30 years old. The American public was eager to greet him, and he was treated to banquets and celebrations during his travels. In New England, Dickens visited the factories of Lowell, Massachusetts, and in New York City he was taken to the see the Five Points, the notorious and dangerous slum on the Lower East Side. There was talk of him visiting the South, but as he was horrified by the idea of slavery he never went south of Virginia. Upon returning to England, Dickens wrote an account of his American travels which offended many Americans. A Christmas Carol In 1842, Dickens wrote another novel, Barnaby Rudge. The following year, while writing the novel Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens visited the industrial city of Manchester, England. He addressed a gathering of workers, and later he took a long walk and began to think about writing a Christmas book that would be a protest against the profound economic inequality he saw in Victorian England. Dickens published A Christmas Carol in December 1843, and it became one of his most enduring works. Dickens traveled around Europe during the mid-1840s. After returning to England, he published five new novels: Dombey and Son, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Hard Times, and Little Dorrit. By the late 1850s, Dickens was spending more time giving public readings. His income was enormous, but so were his expenses, and he often feared he would be plunged back into the sort of poverty he had known as a child. Later Life Epics/Getty Images Charles Dickens, in middle age, appeared to be on top of the world. He was able to travel as he wished, and he spent summers in Italy. In the late 1850s, he purchased a mansion, Gads Hill, which he had first seen and admired as a child. Despite his worldly success, though, Dickens was beset by problems. He and his wife had a large family of 10 children, but the marriage was often troubled. In 1858, a personal crisis turned into a public scandal when Dickens left his wife and apparently began a secretive affair with actress Ellen Nelly Ternan, who was only 19 years old. Rumors about his private life spread. Against the advice of friends, Dickens wrote a letter defending himself, which was printed in newspapers in New York and London. For the last 10 years of his life, Dickens was often estranged from his children, and his relationships with old friends suffered. Though he hadnt enjoyed his tour of America in 1842, Dickens returned in late 1867. He was again welcomed warmly, and large crowds flocked to his public appearances. He toured the East Coast of the United States for five months. He returned to England exhausted, yet continued to embark on more reading tours. Though his health was failing, the tours were lucrative, and he pushed himself to keep appearing onstage. Death Dickens planned a new novel for publication in serial form. The Mystery of Edwin Drood began appearing in April 1870. On June 8, 1870, Dickens spent the afternoon working on the novel before suffering a stroke at dinner. He died the next day. The funeral for Dickens was modest, and praised, according to a New York Times article, as being in keeping with the democratic spirit of the age. Dickens was accorded a high honor, however, as he was buried in the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey, near other literary figures such as Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, and Dr. Samuel Johnson. Legacy The importance of Charles Dickens in English literature remains enormous. His books have never gone out of print, and they are widely read to this day. As the works lend themselves to dramatic interpretation, numerous plays, television programs, and feature films based on them continue to appear. Sources Kaplan, Fred. Dickens: a Biography. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Tomalin, Claire. Charles Dickens: a Life. Penguin Press, 2012.

Child Abuse And Neglect Of Children - 1400 Words

Child Abuse and Neglect Child abuse and neglect refers to any way in which someone harms a child. It also includes neglecting to protect a child from harm, potential harm, or allowing a child to witness violence or abuse to others. Harm to the child may or may not be intended. Children of abuse often have no one to turn to for help. Children often feel shame about their abuse or fear their abuser. The abuser may have threatened the child if he or she tells anyone about the abuse. It is up to adults around children who are abused to protect the child. Seek help immediately if your child is being abused, if a child you know shows signs of abuse and neglect, or if you see anything that does not seem right. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ABUSE AND NEGLECT? †¢ Physical abuse. This includes rough handling, threats with a weapon, throwing objects, pushing, grabbing, hitting, slapping, kicking, and improper use of restraints or medicines. †¢ Sexual abuse. This involves sexual contact that is forced or tricked. †¢ Emotional and psychological abuse. This includes verbal attacks, rejection, humiliation, intimidation, social isolation, or threats that belittle or create fear, distress, and anxiety. †¢ Neglect. This is a caregiver’s failure or refusal to meet the needs of a child. This can include not providing food, shelter, clothing, means for personal hygiene, medical and dental care, education, supervision, or social stimulation. Neglect can also mean completeShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1670 Words   |  7 PagesChild Abuse and Neglect Are you a child being abused by your parent? Do you need help? Why would any parent do that to their child or children? Child abuse is common, there are many different kinds of abuse. Most of the abuse occurs within the family. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse such as, emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars on the children (Smith, M.A, Segal). Studies have shown thatRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse and Neglect Tracy Vargas Arizona State University Child Abuse and Neglect In 2002 child protective service (CPS) agencies investigated more than 2.6 million reports of alleged child abuse and neglect (Harder, 2005, p. 1). The topic I have selected for this paper is child abuse and neglect. In this paper I will provide information of the findings for four different articles, I will include results provided by each article, finding similarities or dissimilarities. TheRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children924 Words   |  4 PagesChildren get abused and die everyday of abuse and neglect. In 2005 1,460 died throughout the year of child abuse or neglect. The majority of kids who get abused are mostly 3 years or younger (77 percent ). The United States has one of the worst records, losing on average of 3-7 kids everyday to child abuse or neglect. Throughout the year there are referrals to the state child protective services that involve 6.6 million children, and about 3.2 million of the children are subject to an investigatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Negl ect Of Children1291 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse and neglect are highly contested concepts, underpinned by and subject to a range of political and cultural factors particular to the society in which they occur. Therefore, child abuse and neglect are not phenomena that lend themselves to easy definition or measurement (Corby, 2006:79). This means that child abuse or neglect cannot be defined unless we take the cultural context into consideration, for what is considered to be abusive or neglectful in one society could be acceptable inRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the time I was a little girl, I’ve wanted a child. I always loved getting new toy baby dolls, and being able to take care of them as if they were really my children. Now, at age seventeen, I still can’t wait to be a mother. I’ve always promised myself that when I have a child of my own, he or she would be my top priority and I would love him or her with everything I have. Because of this mindset, it breaks my heart when I see or hear about children being abused and neglected by their parents. AccordingRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay944 Words   |  4 Pages Everyday, approximately 5 children die from abuse and neglect. Child abuse is when a child is physically injured or sexually abused. Sadly, there are many different forms of child abuse and neglect. There is physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, substance abuse, and emotional abuse. This abuse is very well known but most people don t realize that the people around you could be in that situation. Imagine being a young child, old enough to understand right from wrong, being abused and having toRead MoreChildren With Child Abuse And Neglect877 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of programs that are available for youth and families where child abuse and neglect is apparent. Such programs that are available for young people and non-offending family members are Forensic Interviews, Family Services, Therapy Counseling, and Prevention Education. Other programs are available in different areas for families where youth are showing different types of outcries to help non-offending family members an d the child get the help that is needed for several of reasons. Such other programsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children Essay2663 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"There were 3.5 million reports of child maltreatment in the United States involving more than six million children† (Children’s Rights, 2014). In this paper, I will be talking about the various aspects of child abuse and neglect. A report of child abuse and neglect happens every ten seconds here in the United States. I thought about this idea for my paper because I have seen somebody in my family who suffered child abuse. I also thought about it because I used to work at a gymnastics center andRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1486 Words   |  6 PagesChild Abuse Child abuse and neglect is a really big problem in our society. Child abuse is physical maltreatment or sexual molestation of a child. Child abuse can also be emotional which in most cases people don’t notice it unless the child speaks up about it and tells an adult to get help. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Children, Youth Families, Child Maltreatment 2000, about three million children in America were involved in child abuse and neglectRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children1846 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, children have been subjected to extensive abuse and neglect including but not limited to physical, sexual and psychological abuse and neglect alongside being provided with little to no rights. To combat this, individual states within our nation initiated Child Abuse reporting laws starting in 1963 which quickly spread throughout the nation. However, these laws oftentimes failed to adequately address and tr eat the extensive instances of child abuse and neglect due to lack of support

Analytic Approaches in Epidemiology-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss the strengths of the Epidemiologic approach in understanding notions of causation. 2.Discuss the limitations of the Epidemiologic approach in understanding notions of causation. 3.What, if anything, does the discipline of Epidemiology have to offer global society in the 21st century in understanding the causes of disease? Answers: 1.Causations have been a part of epidemiology literature since decades. However, no single articulate definition is available to explain it. The elaborate theoretical concepts of causation that underlies the field of epidemiology often gets bypassed in favour of more quantitative terms like risk factors, rates and odds. Despite the numerous vague definitions available, epidemiology lays a profound interest in it because causation helps in identification of disease causes, which can be utilized to prevent severe health consequences (Parascandola Weed, 2001). Thorough literature review associated causation with the terms: necessary, production, probabilistic, sufficient and counterfacts. Causation may not necessarily follow any one of these factors. It can be a combination of a variety of components. The probabilistic and counterfactual definitions are not sufficient definitions. Cigarette smoking can be established as a cause of cancer only when the impact of other necessary componen ts is assessed (Vandenbroucke, Broadbent Pearce, 2016). Therefore, epidemiological research utilizes the notion of multifactorial disorder, which directly signifies that a certain disease can occur due to more than one cause or by a joint action of a plethora of component causes. 2.One major limitation arises when epidemiological approaches fail to distinguish between ontology and epistemology. While the former is about what a particular disease is, the latter elaborates on scientific knowledge to identify the etiology of a disease. Several epidemiologists have included interventions or observed frequencies while defining causation. However, the definition should not include actions taken to improve the disorder or measurement frequencies. Satisfactory differences between causal models and causation definition are also not met (Murtas, Dawid Musio, 2017). a definition should always allow the possibility of an inherent chance in a natural processes. On the other hand, causal models decrease the influence of such chance, which may be related to the explanation of the model inversely. Causation fails to explain why some smoker develops lung cancer and other does not. Moreover, they fail to explain the disappearance of infectious agent once the disease develops and all organisms exposed to the infectious agent may not acquire infection (Elwood, 2017). Moreover, the data gathered by such approaches are often ignored and they recognize only deterministic models as valid 3.Rothmans assertion is not valid in present day context (Rothman, 2007). Epidemiology has not nearly gone, it is rather considered as the Cinderella of modern science. It helps in identifying risk factors for different diseases and draws inference on the causal associations by analyzing several studies. It provides useful information on identification of the hazard component. It helps in providing a scientific foundation related to the health condition. It also provides concise information on the demography of disease incidence, symptoms of the ailment, describes the natural history of the disease, identifies the etiology or associated risk factors (Mooney, Westreich El-Sayed, 2015). It takes into account various quantitative tools for community diagnosis, provides valuable data needed to implement and evaluate healthcare services and suggests preventive and control measures and possible outcomes. Therefore, it is an important risk-assessment factor in 21st century. References Elwood, M. (2017).Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Oxford University Press. Mooney, S. J., Westreich, D. J., El-Sayed, A. M. (2015). Epidemiology in the era of big data.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.),26(3), 390. Murtas, R., Dawid, A. P., Musio, M. (2017). New bounds for the Probability of Causation in Mediation Analysis.arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.04857. Parascandola, M., Weed, D. L. (2001). Causation in epidemiology.Journal of Epidemiology Community Health,55(12), 905-912. Rothman, K. J. (2007). The rise and fall of epidemiology, 19502000 AD.International journal of epidemiology,36(4), 708-710. Vandenbroucke, J. P., Broadbent, A., Pearce, N. (2016). Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach.International journal of epidemiology,45(6), 1776-178